Grading S or O: The Difference Between $10 and $1,000

The Critical Importance of Accurate Mint Mark Identification

Condition is everything in numismatics. Here is how to look at the high points and fields to determine the true grade of this piece, and why that seemingly minor detail of a mint mark can transform a common coin into a rare treasure worth thousands.

Historical Context: The 1909-S VDB Lincoln Cent

The coin in question appears to be a 1909-S VDB Lincoln cent, one of the most famous and valuable coins in American numismatics. This coin was minted at the San Francisco Mint (hence the “S” mint mark) and features the initials of designer Victor David Brenner on the reverse. Only 484,000 were produced, making it significantly rarer than its Philadelphia counterpart.

The “O” vs “S” Confusion

Several forum participants debated whether the mint mark was an “S” or an “O.” This confusion is understandable, as the San Francisco mint mark is a small block-style “S” that can appear somewhat circular at certain angles or in poor photographs. An “O” mint mark would indicate the New Orleans Mint, which did not produce Lincoln cents in 1909.

“100% an S. Small block S is the correct mintmark shape and it’s in the correct position.”

Wear Patterns and Surface Analysis

High Point Examination

When grading a 1909-S VDB cent, the first area to examine is the high points of Lincoln’s portrait. The cheek, jaw, and hair above the ear show wear first on circulated coins. A professional grader would look for:

• Flattening on the cheek and jaw
• Loss of detail in the hair strands above the ear
• Wear on the bow tie and collar
• Smoothness on the coat lapel

Luster Assessment

According to PCGS and NGC standards, original mint luster should be present in protected areas such as:

• Between the letters of “LIBERTY”
• Behind Lincoln’s head
• In the recesses of the wheat stalks on the reverse

Strike Quality Evaluation

The strike quality of San Francisco-minted coins from this era was generally excellent, but not perfect. Key areas to examine include:

• Sharpness of the wheat stalk details
• Clarity of the motto “IN GOD WE TRUST”
• Definition of the rim and denticles

Surface Preservation

Even a coin with minimal wear can be downgraded due to environmental damage, corrosion, or improper cleaning. The presence of carbon spots, verdigris, or hairlines from cleaning would significantly impact the grade and value.

Eye Appeal Factors

Beyond technical grading, eye appeal plays a crucial role in a coin’s desirability and value. For a 1909-S VDB cent, collectors look for:

• Even, original toning
• Absence of distracting marks or scratches
• Full, original luster
• Good centering and full rims

PCGS/NGC Standards for 1909-S VDB Cents

Professional grading services use strict standards for this key date:

• MS-65 Red: Full red color, minor marks, strong luster
• MS-63 Red Brown: Some red remaining, light marks, good eye appeal
• MS-60 Brown: Brown color, noticeable marks, average eye appeal
• XF-40: Light wear on high points, complete details
• VF-20: Moderate wear, all major details clear

Market Value Implications

The forum discussion mentions a coin selling for $202.50, which suggests a circulated example in perhaps VF or XF condition. However, the true value range for authentic 1909-S VDB cents is dramatic:

• MS-65 Red: $1,500 – $2,500
• MS-63 Red Brown: $800 – $1,200
• XF-40: $300 – $500
• VF-20: $150 – $250

Authentication Considerations

Given the high value of this coin, authentication is critical. Professional graders look for:

• Correct weight (3.11 grams for copper cents)
• Proper diameter (19mm)
• Authentic die characteristics specific to 1909-S VDB production
• Presence of the correct small “S” mint mark style

Common Problems and Red Flags

Several forum participants noted concerns about the seller’s feedback, which is a wise consideration. Other red flags include:

• Coins that appear cleaned or altered
• Missing or altered mint marks
• Coins with inconsistent toning or surfaces
• Unusually low prices for seemingly high-grade examples

Professional Grading Tips

For collectors examining potential 1909-S VDB cents:

1. Use a 5x or 10x loupe to examine details
2. Compare the mint mark to known authentic examples
3. Check for signs of cleaning under proper lighting
4. Examine the coin’s edge for signs of tampering
5. Consider professional authentication for high-value coins

Conclusion: The Value of Expertise

The difference between a common 1909 VDB cent and the rare 1909-S VDB can be thousands of dollars. The forum discussion demonstrates how even experienced collectors can debate mint mark identification, highlighting the importance of professional grading and authentication. Whether you’re examining a potential $200 coin or a $2,000 treasure, the same careful attention to wear patterns, luster, strike quality, and eye appeal applies. In numismatics, as in all collecting fields, knowledge truly is the best investment.