Preserving Your 1913 Type 1 Buffalo Nickel: A Conservationist’s Guide

The Historical Significance of the 1913 Type 1 Buffalo Nickel

As a dedicated conservationist, I’ve seen countless valuable coins deteriorate due to improper handling and storage. The 1913 Type 1 Buffalo Nickel represents a pivotal moment in American numismatic history, and preserving these coins requires understanding both their historical context and their physical vulnerabilities.

The Design Flaw That Changed History

The Type 1 Buffalo Nickel, designed by James Earle Fraser, featured a stunning Native American profile on the obverse and a majestic buffalo on the reverse. However, the beautiful roughhewn fields that made these coins so distinctive also created significant problems for the Mint. The intricate design caused premature die wear and, most critically, led to the rapid erosion of the word “CENTS” on the reverse.

Why Preservation Matters

I’ve seen too many valuable pieces ruined by improper cleaning or storage. Here’s how to keep this safe for the next generation. The Type 1 Buffalo Nickel’s vulnerability to wear wasn’t just a manufacturing concern—it was a preservation nightmare waiting to happen. Understanding this helps us appreciate why proper storage is crucial for these coins.

The 1883 Liberty Nickel Connection

According to David Lange’s authoritative work on Buffalo Nickels, the Mint’s sensitivity to the denomination-wearing issue stemmed from the 1883 Liberty Nickel fiasco. Unscrupulous individuals had gold-plated these coins and passed them off as five-dollar gold pieces, exploiting the fact that the original design featured only a large Roman numeral “V” without the word “CENTS.” This historical lesson influenced the rapid modification of the Buffalo Nickel design.

Common Preservation Threats

Toning and Oxidation

Buffalo Nickels, composed of 75% copper and 25% nickel, are particularly susceptible to toning and oxidation. The copper content means these coins can develop a range of colors from golden brown to deep blue-green. While some collectors appreciate attractive toning, uncontrolled oxidation can permanently damage the coin’s surface.

PVC Damage

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is one of the most destructive substances for coin preservation. PVC-containing flips and holders can release acidic gases that cause irreversible green slime damage to your Buffalo Nickel. This is especially problematic for coins stored in areas with temperature fluctuations.

Physical Wear and Environmental Factors

The original Type 1 design’s high relief made these coins particularly vulnerable to wear during circulation. Even in storage, environmental factors like humidity, temperature changes, and exposure to chemicals can accelerate deterioration. The raised design elements are especially prone to contact marks and scratches.

Proper Storage Solutions

Choosing the Right Holders

For long-term preservation of your 1913 Type 1 Buffalo Nickel, invest in archival-quality storage solutions. Acid-free coin flips, hard plastic holders, or certified grading holders from reputable companies provide the best protection. Avoid any holders that contain PVC or other harmful plastics.

Environmental Control

Store your coins in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Ideal storage conditions include temperatures between 60-70°F and relative humidity below 50%. Consider using silica gel packets in your storage area to control moisture levels.

To Clean or Not to Clean: The Conservationist’s Perspective

The Risks of Cleaning

In my experience, cleaning coins is almost always detrimental to their long-term preservation and value. Even gentle cleaning can remove the natural patina that develops over time, potentially damaging the coin’s surface and significantly reducing its collector value. The microscopic abrasions caused by cleaning are often invisible to the naked eye but can be detected by professional graders.

When Professional Conservation is Necessary

There are rare instances where professional conservation might be appropriate, such as when a coin has been contaminated with harmful substances. However, this should only be undertaken by experts using proper techniques and materials. Never attempt to clean a potentially valuable coin yourself.

Handling Your Buffalo Nickel

Proper Handling Techniques

Always handle your coins by their edges, never touching the flat surfaces with your fingers. The natural oils and acids on human skin can cause permanent damage to the coin’s surface. Wear clean, cotton gloves when handling your coins, and work on a soft, clean surface.

Documentation and Organization

Maintain detailed records of your collection, including purchase information, grading details, and storage locations. This documentation becomes invaluable for insurance purposes and helps track the condition of your coins over time.

Recognizing Quality and Authenticity

Identifying Key Markers

Authentic 1913 Type 1 Buffalo Nickels should exhibit specific characteristics: the date should be clearly visible (though often weak on this issue), the bison should show clear detail, and the Native American profile should have distinct features. Be aware of counterfeits and altered dates, which are common problems with this issue.

Professional Grading Considerations

While third-party grading provides excellent protection, it’s important to understand that once a coin is encapsulated, it cannot be easily removed for alternative storage methods. Consider your long-term preservation goals when deciding whether to have a coin professionally graded.

Conclusion: Preserving History for Future Generations

The 1913 Type 1 Buffalo Nickel represents more than just a collectible coin—it’s a piece of American history that deserves proper preservation. By understanding the design’s vulnerabilities, implementing proper storage techniques, and avoiding harmful cleaning practices, you can ensure that these historical artifacts survive for future generations to appreciate. Remember, the goal of conservation is not just to maintain a coin’s monetary value, but to preserve its historical and artistic significance for years to come.

Whether you’re a seasoned collector or new to numismatics, treating your Buffalo Nickels with the respect and care they deserve will reward you with a collection that maintains both its beauty and its historical importance. The quick design change from Type 1 to Type 2 in 1913 reminds us that even the United States Mint recognized the need for better preservation—a lesson we should all take to heart when caring for these remarkable coins.

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